In this research, three steps were taken to estimate the solar Energy balance on the earth's Surface. First, the amount of incident radiation on a tilted Surface at the top of the atmosphere was calculated. Then, by using MODIS data, the transmittance coefficients of the atmosphere were estimated and the amount of direct radiation, diffuse radiation and global radiation in cloudless sky conditions were estimated. In the next step, based on the cloud transmittance coefficient, the amount of all sky radiation was estimated. Finally, by estimating the actual albedo of the earth's Surface, the balance of solar radiation on the earth's Surface was evaluated.The average top of atmosphere radiation in Iran is about 365 Watts per square meter. On a tilted Surface, Iran receives 356 Watts per square meter of solar radiation. The difference in the angle of radiation on a tilted Surface compared to the flat ground due to the slope of the ground and the difference in the duration of the radiation on a tilted Surface compared to the flat ground due to the aspect of slope resulted a 2.5 percent reduction in the amount of radiation in Iran.In Iran, on a clear and sunny day about one percent of solar radiation is lost by air molecules not reaching the ground. The phenomenon of Rayleigh scattering also prevents about 9% of radiation from reaching the earth's Surface. Therefore, about 10% of solar radiation is reduced due to atmospheric gases. The presence of aerosols, water vapor and ozone also affect the transparency of the atmosphere to solar radiation. The effect of these gases can be expressed by the transmission coefficient namely the aerosols transmittance coefficient which is low in desert areas of the country and on the coasts of Oman Sea and Persian Gulf and for Khuzestan Plain. In these areas, between 20 and 40 percent of the solar radiation is prevented from reaching the earth's Surface by the aerosols. On the other hand, in the heights of Zagros and Alborz mountains and in the heights of Khorasan and in the north-west of Iran, aerosols do not play a significant role in reducing solar radiation. In Iran, the average reduction of solar radiation due to the presence of aerosols is about 17%.As expected, water vapor transmission is minimal at high altitudes, and about 10% of solar radiation is prevented from reaching the earth's Surface due to atmospheric water vapor. On the shores of the Oman Sea, Caspian Sea, and Persian Gulf, the amount of attenuation due to atmospheric water vapor is about 14%. In Iran, the average reduction of solar radiation due to the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere is about 11%.The average transmittance of direct Surface solar radiation in Iran is about 60%. In other words, the atmosphere prevents about 40% of direct sunlight from reaching the earth's Surface. In mountainous areas the transmittance coefficient is the maximum and exceeds 70%. In the southern banks and eastern and central regions of Iran, due to the presence of aerosols and water vapor, the figure is less than 60%. The amount of mean direct radiation in Iran is about 213 Watts per square meter. Diffuse radiation is a small part of the total radiation. The average transmittance of diffuse radiation in Iran is about 10%. Aerosols play an important role in scattering solar radiation. The amount of mean diffuse radiation that reaches the earth's Surface in Iran is about 35 Watts per square meter.This study shows that the global radiation in Iran is 248 Watts per square meter. The average transmittance coefficient of global radiation is 70% and follows the configuration of topography and distance from the sea. Average cloudiness of Iran is about 26% and the average ratio of actual to possible sunshine hours is about 72%. On the shores of the Caspian Sea, the cloudiness exceeds 60%. The average cloud transmittance coefficient in Iran is about 83%. In Iran, clouds contribute about 17% in the reduction of radiation. On a cloudy day, the mean amount of solar radiation that passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Surface of the earth on a tilted Surface is 205 Watts per square meter. The average albedo of Iran is about 21%. Nearly 80% of the solar radiation that reaches the earth's Surface is absorbed by the Surface. The amount of net annual solar radiation on the earth's Surface in Iran varies between 80 and 220 Watts per square meter.

Background and Aims: When composite resin polymerizes, shrinkage stresses tend to produce gaps at the tooth/ restoration interfaces. Surface sealants may reduce or avoid problems related to the marginal interface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different Surface sealants (Fortify and Optiguard) on the microleakage of class V resin composite restorations.Materials and Methods: Twenty three sound noncarious molars were collected. Totally, 45 Class V cavities with the occlusal margins in enamel and cervical margins in cementum were prepared in both buccal and lingual Surfaces. The specimens were randomly assigned in three groups (15 cavities in each group) and then restored with a resin composite. After the finishing and polishing procedures, the restorations in each group were covered with a specific Surface sealant, except for the control samples, which were not sealed. After placing restorations, the specimens were thermocycled and then immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution (tracer agent) for four hours, sectioned longitudinally and analyzed for leakage using a stereomicroscope in a blind manner. The marginal microleakage was evaluated at the occlusal and cervical interfaces and compared among the three groups using the Kruskall-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests.Results: Microleakage was found in all groups at both occlusal and cervical margins. Significantly greater leakage was observed at the cervical margins compared to the enamel margins of the material groups (P=0.005).There was no statistically significant difference among the groups at occlusal margins (P=0.66). In the cervical region, Fortify showed improved results and statistically presented the lowest degree of microleakage (P=0.003).Conclusion: The used sealant materials presented different rates of effectiveness and Fortify decreased marginal microleakage significantly.

This research focuses on the effect of passive methods in the field of Energy storage, produce Energy by using renewable energies, and also to achieve the construction patterns of residential buildings in the climate conditions of Shiraz, with the aim reducing Energy consumption. Statistics show that in Iran, fuel consumption in residential and commercial buildings with an average annual growth of 7. It is about 2.37% of the country's total fuel consumption. One way to minimize Energy consumption in this sector is to increase the role of zero-Energy buildings. Zero-Energy buildings provide technical ways to consume less Energy in buildings. These buildings are designed and built so that all or a large part of these provide the Energy they need through the combination of Energy saving and the use of renewable Energy technology. In this research, after studying the climate condition of the city of Shiraz, a building in the Energy Plus software, the simulation and climatic data of the Shiraz station was introduced to the software. To achieve the most optimal conditions of Energy consumption in the climatic conditions of Shiraz, each of the building elements Residential was optimized. The simulation shows that it is possible to reduce the Energy consumption of the building by using passive building materials and designs, including double-glazed glass, Wall insulation, etc. On the other hand, by using solar Energy, using pvsyst software, you can supply the Energy needed by the building.

Background and Objectives: Soil Surface temperature has a key role in the mass and Energy interchange between soil and atmosphere and it is an important input parameter for running the heat, water and carbon balance estimating models in the soil-plant-atmosphere system and weather and climate simulating models as well at the regional and global scales and the whole soil Surface Energy balance components are affected by soil Surface temperature. Instead of the high important and remarkable application of soil Surface temperature, its measurements is performed just in the synoptic meteorological stations and in an imperfect manner (just the minimum daily soil Surface temperature) and so, it is essential to simulate this important variable by appropriate methods. Materials and Methods: In this research, two methods including soil Surface Energy balance model and satellite images were used to estimating daily mean soil Surface temperature in the Sararoud-Kermanshah agro-meteorological station which has the recorded data of both maximum and minimum soil Surface temperature at the 2013 to 2014 time period. Estimating daily mean soil Surface temperature based on the satellite images was performed by considering the MODIS sensor images at four different times including 22: 30, 1: 30; 10: 30 and 13: 30 using the MRT software and for running the soil Surface Energy balance model, the daily meteorological data including air temperature, wind speed, sunshine and relative humidity along with some soil physical properties were used as the model inputs and the efficiency of these methods was evaluated using some evaluating error indices. Results: By applying the MODIS sensor images, the results showed that from different combination cases of soil Surface temperature at the mentioned imaging times, calculating daily mean soil Surface temperature based on the averaging of soil Surface temperatures at 22: 30, 1: 30 and 10: 30 times was led to gaining the highest agreement with soil Surface temperature observations and the absolute error and determination coefficient of this method to estimating daily mean soil Surface temperature were 2. 1 ° C and 0. 93, respectively. Using the soil Surface Energy balance model to estimating daily mean soil Surface temperature, the absolute error and determination coefficient were 1. 8° C and 0. 96, respectively. The results of the seasonal time series analysis showed that by using the soil Surface Energy balance model and satellite images, the highest agreement between calculated and observed values was occurred at summer and winter, respectively. Conclusion: The overall results of this research showed reasonable and appropriate accuracy of both applied methods. However, the soil Surface Energy balance model is suggested because of its higher accuracy. Therefore, it is possible to adopt the applied methodology of this research to simulate the mean soil Surface temperature in different regions and the estimated values of the daily mean soil Surface temperature could be used to different applications such as soil temperature and moisture simulating models as an input variable.

Surface aeration experiments were conducted in two types of rectangular tanks of aspect ratios i.e., length to width ratio (L/W) of 1.5 and 2 and developed simulation equations to correlate the oxygen transfer coefficient, k and power number, P0 with a parameter governing theoretical power per unit volume X. The parameter X is defined as equal to F4/3R1/3, where F and R are impellers’ Froude and Reynolds numbers respectively). Results have shown that the P0 can not be simulated singularly with either Reynolds number, R or Froude number, F, which results in scale effects; there appears to be a need to incorporate the effects of both F and R. It was found that P0 is uniquely related to X for rectangular aeration tanks of both aspect ratios, however, such relationships are different depending upon the aspect ratios. It has been demonstrated that Energy can be saved substantially if the aeration tanks are run at relatively higher input powers. It is also demonstrated that smaller sized tanks are more Energy conservative and economical when compared to big sized tanks, while aerating the same volume of water, and at the same time by maintaining a constant input power in all the tanks irrespective of their size.